Funding: the study was carried out at the expense of the federal budget as part of a state assignment for the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of the Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare of the Russian Federation.

Acknowledgement: the authors express their gratitude to the staff of the Occupational pathology Department of the Regional Center for Occupational Pathology of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital for their assistance in organizing and conducting research by the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (Department of Biochemical and Cytogenetic Research Methods).

Author contribution: Zaitseva NV — editing; Fadeev AG, Goryaev DV, Zemlyanova MA — study concept and design, editing; Peskova EV — study concept and design, literature data acquisition, manuscript writing; Bulatova NI, Galiulina AV, Zakharinskaya ON — data processing; all authors — approval of final version of the article, responsibility for consistency of all parts of the article.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study involved employees of a mining facility (copper-nickel production); it was conducted in accordance with international standards of medical practice (Declaration of Helsinki, revision of 2013, 2024) and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (Minutes No. 4 of February 24, 2022).