Microplastic pollution, which exerts both direct and indirect effects on human health, has emerged as one of the most pressing global environmental threats. We performed systematic analysis of pathways for microplastics migration through food chains, assessed the impact of microplastics on body’s physiological systems, estimated the existing risk reduction strategies. The review encompassed publications from the past decade, selected based on their relevance to the issue of microplastics intake with water and food products. Plastic waste, synthetic textiles, and food products have been identified as primary sources of pollution. Identification of microplastics in 93% of bottled water samples, along with the presence of hundreds of microparticles per kilogram of sea salt, confirms the magnitude of the exposure. It has been found that particles sized 0.1–150 µm can damage the intestinal epithelium, thereby inducing inflammation and oxidative stress; particles sized 2.5–10 µm reduce functional lung capacity; nanoplastics capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier exerts neurotoxicity. Membrane water purification methods exhibit efficiency of up to 99.9%. A comprehensive approach, including regulatory frameworks, technological solutions, and hygiene practices designed to disrupt the pathways through which microplastics enter the body, is necessary.