Adaptive capacity is one of the key indicators of the functional state of the body, and students are no exception. We reviewed and analyzed Russian and international studies published between 2015 and 2025 that addressed hygienic aspects of adaptation among medical students. The papers were retrieved from the eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, and PubMed databases. The aspects of interest included adaptation to the educational environment, academic and examination stress, sleep and rest patterns, physical activity, nutrition, digital workload, social media use, mobile device use, and objective physiological and psychophysiological criteria for assessing adaptive capacity. The findings indicate that students' adaptation is multifactorial and is shaped by the combined effects of organizational, pedagogical, sociohygienic, behavioral, and psychophysiological factors. The early years of medical education are particularly stressful: anxiety increases, self-organization deteriorates, lifestyle changes occur, and the physiological cost of adaptation rises. Significant contributing factors include poor sleep hygiene, insufficient physical activity, inadequate nutrition, excessive digital workload, and prolonged social media use. Assessment of adaptive capacity is enhanced by complementing subjective questionnaires with objective indicators of the body’s functional state. Recommendations for preventing deterioration in adaptive capacity include optimizing the daily routine, promoting healthy sleep habits, increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, reducing digital overload, and implementing health-promoting educational technologies; these measures should be implemented through an integrated approach.