Copyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).

OPINION

Methodological aspects of the hygienic regulation of ionizing radiation

Eremin AL1 , Bogatov NM1 , Bey NE1 , Baranov VA2 , Klenevskii AV3 , Dahuzhev TS4
About authors

1 Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

2 Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Krasnodar Region, Krasnodar, Russia

3 Clinical Oncologic Dispensary № 1, Krasnodar, Russia

4 Ashkhamaf Adygeya Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary, Maikop, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Alexey L. Eryomin
Stavropolskaya, 149, Krasnodar, 350040, Russia; ur.xednay@nimerea

About paper

Author contribution: Eryomin AL — study design, material collection and processing, text authoring; Bogatov NM — text editing, formalization of the concept of medical physics; Bey NE — analysis of clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Russia, review of software solutions; Baranov VA — analysis of the law enforcement practice in the field of RSS control; Klenevskii AV — analysis of RSS in the clinical practice; Dahuzhev TS — testing of radiotherapy planning software; all authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Received: 2026-07-22 Accepted: 2026-08-08 Published online: 2026-09-18
|
  1. Prikaz Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya RF ot 2.05.2023 № 206n "Ob utverzhdenii Kvalifikatsionnykh trebovanij k meditsinskim i farmatsevticheskim rabotnikam s vysshim obrazovaniem" (in Rus.).
  2. VOZ. Ispolnitelʹnyj komitet. Sto tridtsatʹ pervaya sessiya. EB131/11. 22 maya 2012 g. Doklad sekretariata. Radiatsionnaya zashchita i bezopasnostʹ istochnikov izlucheniya: Mezhdunarodnye osnovnye normy bezopasnosti (in Rus.).
  3. Boyd MA. The confusing world of radiation dosimetry — 9444. WM2009 Conference Waste Management for the Nuclear Renaissance. USA, Phoenix, 2009; 1−5.
  4. Mezhdunarodnaya sistema edinits (SI). Izdanie 9-e. M.: Rosstandart, 2019 (in Rus.).
  5. Naznachenie, protokolirovanie i otchetnostʹ v luchevoj terapii fotonnym izlucheniem s modulyatsiej intensivnosti. Doklad MKRE № 83. Izdanie Mezhdunarodnoj komissii po radiatsionnym edinitsam i izmereniyam. M.: MIFI, 2020 (in Rus.).
  6. Publikatsiya 103 Mezhdunarodnoj Komissii po radiatsionnoj zashchite (MKRZ). M.: Alana, 2009 (in Rus.)
  7. Radiatsionnaya zashchita i bezopasnostʹ istochnikov izlucheniya: Mezhdunarodnye osnovnye normy bezopasnosti. Vena: MAGATE, 2015 (in Rus.).
  8. UNSCEAR 2020/2021 Report. Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation. NY.: UN, 2022.
  9. SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09 "Normy radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti (NRB-99/2009)" (in Rus.).
  10. Sanitarnye pravila i normativy SP 2.6.1.2612-10 "Osnovnye sanitarnye pravila obespecheniya radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti (OSPORB-99/2010)" (in Rus.).
  11. Federalʹnyj zakon ot 09.01.1996 № 3-FZ "O radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti naseleniya" (in Rus.).
  12. Federalʹnyj zakon ot 31.07.2020 № 248-FZ "O gosudarstvennom kontrole (nadzore) i munitsipalʹnom kontrole v Rossijskoj Federatsii" (in Rus.).
  13. Sanitarnye pravila SP 1.1.1058-01 "Organizatsiya i provedenie proizvodstvennogo kontrolya za soblyudeniem sanitarnykh pravil i vypolneniem sanitarno-protivoepidemicheskikh (profilakticheskikh) meropriyatij" (in Rus.).
  14. Prikaz Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya RF ot 18.10.2023 № 556n "Ob utverzhdenii perechnya indikatorov riska narusheniya obyazatelʹnykh trebovanij pri osushchestvlenii federalʹnogo gosudarstvennogo litsenzionnogo kontrolya (nadzora) za deyatelʹnostʹyu v oblasti ispolʹzovaniya istochnikov ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya (generiruyushchikh) (za isklyucheniem sluchaya, esli eti istochniki ispolʹzuyutsya v meditsinskoj deyatelʹnosti)" (in Rus.).
  15. SanPiN 2.6.4115-25 "Sanitarno-epidemiologicheskie trebovaniya v oblasti radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti naseleniya pri obrashchenii istochnikov ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya" (in Rus.).
  16. Postanovlenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 31.10.2009 № 879 "Ob utverzhdenii Polozheniya o edinitsakh velichin, dopuskaemykh k primeneniyu v Rossijskoj Federatsii" (in Rus.).
  17. Thompson A, Taylor BN. Use of the international system of units (SI). NIST Special Publication, Gaithersburg, 2008. DOI: 10.6028/nist.sp.811e2008.
  18. Legal units of measurement OIML D 2 Consolidated Edition 2007 (E). International Organization of Legal Metrology. International Document. Paris: OIML, 2007.
  19. Onishchenko GG, Popova AYu, Romanovich IK, Vodovatov AV, Bashketova NS, Istorik OA, et al. Sovremennye printsipy obespecheniya radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti pri ispolʹzovanii istochnikov ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya v meditsine. Chastʹ 1. Tendentsii razvitiya, struktura luchevoj diagnostiki i dozy meditsinskogo oblucheniya. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. 2019; 12 (1): 6−24 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21514/1998-426X-2019-12-1-6-24.
  20. Onishchenko GG, Popova AYu, Romanovich IK, Vodovatov AV, Bashketova NS, Istorik OA, et al. Sovremennye printsipy obespecheniya radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti pri ispolʹzovanii istochnikov ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya v meditsine. Chastʹ 2. Radiatsionnye riski i sovershenstvovanie sistemy radiatsionnoj zashchity. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. 2019; 12 (2): 6−24 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21514/1998-426Х-2019-12-2-6-24.
  21. Postanovlenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 25.01.2022 № 45 "O litsenzirovanii deyatelʹnosti v oblasti ispolʹzovaniya istochnikov ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya (generiruyushchikh) (za isklyucheniem sluchaya, esli eti istochniki ispolʹzuyutsya v meditsinskoj deyatelʹnosti)" (in Rus.).
  22. Vodovatov AV, Chipiga LA, Ryzhov SA, Petryakova AV, Biblin AM, Gorskij GA. Radiatsionnye avarii v luchevoj i radionuklidnoj diagnostike i terapii: sravnenie rossijskikh i mezhdunarodnykh podkhodov k terminologii i klassifikatsii. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. 2024; 17 (1): 97−110 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21514/1998-426X-2024-17-1-97-110.
  23. Khmelevskij EV, Kaprin AD. Sostoyanie radioterapevticheskoj sluzhby Rossii: sravnitelʹnyj analiz i perspektivy razvitiya. Onkologiya. Zhurnal im. P. A. Gertsena. 2017; 6 (4): 38−41 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.17116/onkolog20176438-41.
  24. Postanovlenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 16.03.2020 № 287 "Ob utverzhdenii Federalʹnoj nauchno-tekhnicheskoj programmy razvitiya sinkhrotronnykh i nejtronnykh issledovanij i issledovatelʹskoj infrastruktury na period do 2030 goda i dalʹnejshuyu perspektivu" (in Rus.).
  25. Ivanov EM, Klenov GI, Maksimov VI, Khoroshkov VS, Chernykh AN. Perspektivy razvitiya protonnoj terapii v Rossii. Meditsinskaya radiologiya i radiatsionnaya bezopasnostʹ. 2022; 67 (3): 41–6 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2022-67-3-41-46.
  26. Bikchurina MI, Kasatov DA, Kolesnikov YaA, Sokolova EO, Taskaeva YuS, Taskaev SYu. Bor-nejtronozakhvatnaya terapiya: fizicheskie aspekty. Onkologicheskij zhurnal: luchevaya diagnostika, luchevaya terapiya. 2024; 7 (4): 19–27 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.37174/2587-7593-2024-7-4-19-27.
  27. Planirovanie natsionalʹnykh sluzhb luchevoj terapii: prakticheskoe posobie. Vena: MAGATE, 2015 (in Rus.).
  28. Tekhnicheskie spetsifikatsii radioterapevticheskogo oborudovaniya dlya lecheniya onkologii. VOZ-MAGATE. Krasnodar: KubGU, 2025 (in Rus.).
  29. Kolichestvennyj analiz povrezhdenij zdorovykh organov i tkanej pri provedenii luchevoj terapii zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanij. M.: AMFR, 2015 (in Rus.).
  30. Lebedeva ZhS. Obzornye statʹi po materialam QUANTEC. Meditsinskaya fizika. 2018; (4): 80–7 (in Rus.).
  31. Postanovlenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 17.11.2021 № 1968 "Ob utverzhdenii Pravil poetapnogo perekhoda meditsinskikh organizatsij k okazaniyu meditsinskoj pomoshchi na osnove klinicheskikh rekomendatsij, razrabotannykh i utverzhdennykh v sootvetstvii s chastyami 3, 4, 6–9 i 11 statʹi 37 Federalʹnogo zakona «Ob osnovakh okhrany zdorovʹya grazhdan v Rossijskoj Federatsii" (in Rus.).
  32. Federalʹnyj zakon ot 21.11.1995 № 170-FZ "Ob ispolʹzovanii atomnoj energii" (in Rus.).
  33. Kuryndin AV, Shapovalov AS, Orlov MYu, Ivanov EA, Stroganov AA, Timofeev NB. Sootvetstvie mezhdu razmerami sanitarno-zashchitnoj zony i predelʹno dopustimymi vybrosami radioaktivnykh veshchestv atomnykh stantsij v atmosferu. Yadernaya i radiatsionnaya bezopasnostʹ. 2024; 2 (112): 5–17 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.26277/SECNRS.2024.112.2.001.
  34. Rasporyazhenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 30.12.2024 № 4153-r "O Generalʹnoj skheme razmeshcheniya obʺektov elektroenergetiki do 2042 goda" (in Rus.).
  35. Pocket guide for medical physicists supporting response to a nuclear or radiological emergency. Vienna: IAEA, 2020.
  36. Radiatsionnaya zashchita i bezopasnostʹ pri meditsinskom ispolʹzovanii ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya. Vena: MAGATE, 2023 (in Rus.).
  37. Selecting megavoltagetreatment technologiesin external beam radiotherapy. Vienna: IAEA, 2022.
  38. IAEA Nuclear Safety and Security Glossary. Vienna: IAEA, 2022.
  39. Opredelenie pogloshchennoj dozy pri distantsionnoj luchevoj terapii: mezhdunarodnye prakticheskie rekomendatsii po dozimetrii. Vena: MAGATE, 2025 (in Rus.).
  40. Trebovaniya k tochnosti i faktory neopredelennosti v luchevoj terapii. Vena: MAGATE, 2022 (in Rus.).
  41. Ratner TG. Literatura na russkom yazyke dlya meditsinskikh fizikov, rabotayushchikh v oblasti luchevoj terapii zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanij. Meditsinskaya fizika. 2021; (2): 92–6 (in Rus.).
  42. Bukhtiyarov IV, Zibarev EV, Betts KV. Epidemiologicheskoe issledovanie po analizu smertnosti pilotov vozdushnykh sudov grazhdanskoj aviatsii v Rossijskoj Federatsii. Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina. 2022; 56 (4): 83–8 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-4-83-88.
  43. Scheibler C, Toprani SM, Mordukhovich I, Schaefer M, Staffa S, Nagel ZD, et al. Cancer risks from cosmic radiation exposure in flight: a review. Front Public Health. 2022; 10: 947068. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.947068.
  44. Okedeyi SA, Kayode YO, Joshua A, Atilade AO, Ikuemonisan FE, Ajose AS, et al. Assessing annual exposures dose and other radiological parameters from cosmic radiation among flight crews in Nigeria local airline. FJS. 2024; 8 (1): 183–9. DOI: 10.33003/fjs-2024-0801-2203.
  45. Sakovich VA. Shestidesyatiletie pilotiruemykh kosmicheskikh poletov v svete osnovnykh printsipov obespecheniya radiatsionnoj bezopasnosti. Osnovnye printsipy v rekomendatsiyakh MKRZ i v rossijskom zakonodatelʹstve. Radiatsiya i risk. 2022; 31 (1): 64–73 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-1-64-73.
  46. Shafirkin AV, Bengin VV, Shurshakov VA. Lokalʹnye tkanevye dozy pri polete vne magnitosfery zemli za razlichnoj zashchitoj kosmicheskogo korablya s uchetom snizheniya effektivnosti dejstviya protonov i ionov geliya. Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina. 2025; 59 (1): 44–54 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2025-59-1-44-54.
  47. Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2021. DOI: 10.17226/26155.
  48. Federalʹnyj zakon ot 12.06.2024 № 128-FZ "O ratifikatsii Soglasheniya mezhdu Pravitelʹstvom Rossijskoj Federatsii i Pravitelʹstvom Kitajskoj Narodnoj Respubliki o sotrudnichestve v oblasti sozdaniya Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj lunnoj stantsii" (in Rus.).
  49. Moon To Mars Objectives. Washington: NASA, 2022.
  50. Obshchie polozheniya obespecheniya bezopasnosti kosmicheskikh apparatov s yadernymi reaktorami NP-101-17. Utverzhdeny prikazom Rostekhnadzora ot 23.10.2017 № 442 (in Rus.).
  51. Medical physics staffing needs in diagnostic imaging and radionuclide therapy: an activity based approach. Vienna: IAEA, 2018.
  52. Graham S, Mills M. Why is Medical Dosimetry a profession only in the United States and what does this mean for Medical Physicists worldwide? J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2021; 22 (8): 4–5. DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13362.
  53. Narkevich BYa, Krylov AS, Ryzhkov AD, Gelashvili TM. Dozimetricheskoe soprovozhdenie radionuklidnoj terapii. Onkologicheskij zhurnal: luchevaya diagnostika, luchevaya terapiya. 2023; 6 (2): 66–84 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.37174/2587-7593-2023-6-2-66-84.
  54. Eremin AL. Informatsionnaya gigiena: sovremennye podkhody k gigienicheskoj otsenke kontenta i fizicheskikh signalov nositelej informatsii. Gigiena i sanitariya. 2020; 99 (4): 351–5 (in Rus.). DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-4-351-355.
  55. Grebenkov SV, Zholus BI, Dovgusha VV, et al. Voenno-morskaya i radiatsionnaya gigiena. Uchebno-metodicheskoe rukovodstvo. V 2-kh tomakh. SPb.: LIO Redaktor, 1998 (in Rus.).
  56. Klimanov VA, Kramer-Ageev EA, Smirnov VV. Radiatsionnaya dozimetriya. M.: NIYaU MIFI, 2014; 648 p. (in Rus.).
  57. Ilin LA, Korenkov IP, Narkevich BYa. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. Uchebnik. M.: Geotar-Media, 2021; 440 p. (in Rus.).
  58. Zorina IG, Sokolov VD. Osnovy radiatsionnoj gigieny. Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov. SPb.: Lanʹ, 2023; 224 p. (in Rus.).
  59. Chernyaev AP, Lykova EN, Borshchegovskaya PYu. Radiatsionnaya meditsinskaya fizika: uchebnik. M.: MGU, 2023; 559 p. (in Rus.).
  60. Romanovich IK, Ivanov DO, redaktory. Otsenka radiatsionnogo riska po dannym radiatsionno-gigienicheskoj pasportizatsii territorij: uchebnoe posobie. SPb.: SPbGPMU, 2023; 92 p. (in Rus.).
  61. Bekman IN. Yadernaya meditsina: fizicheskie i khimicheskie osnovy: uchebnik dlya vuzov. M.: Yurajt, 2024; 400 p. (in Rus.).
  62. Fizika yadernoj meditsiny: posobie dlya prepodavatelej i studentov. MAGATE. Preprint. Krasnodar: KubGU, 2024; 724 p. (in Rus.).
  63. Fizika diagnosticheskoj radiologii: posobie dlya prepodavatelej i studentov. MAGATE. Preprint. Krasnodar: KubGU, 2025; 770 p. (in Rus.).
  64. Rasporyazhenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 21.12.2021 № 3759-r "Ob utverzhdenii strategicheskogo napravleniya v oblasti tsifrovoj transformatsii nauki i vysshego obrazovaniya" (in Rus.).
  65. Rasporyazhenie Pravitelʹstva RF ot 17.04.2024 № 959-r "Ob utverzhdenii strategicheskogo napravleniya v oblasti tsifrovoj transformatsii zdravookhraneniya" (in Rus.).