Technologies based on ionizing radiation (IR) are used in many areas of human activity, ranging from nuclear energy and national defense to medical diagnosis and therapy. Consequently, the hygienic assessment of the effects of IR is a scientifically and practically important interdisciplinary problem. This study aimed to analyze the challenges encountered and the approaches used to assess the radiation dose–effect relationship, thereby substantiating the need to harmonize radiation safety standards (RSS) at the current stage and highlighting the central role of evidence-based and preventive medicine in this field. We reviewed, researched, and analyzed IAEA's "Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards" and Russian SanPiN (sanitary norms and regulations) documentation, dose-related recommendations issued by the Russian Ministry of Health between 2020 and 2025, radiation therapy software solutions, and training manuals and clinical practice guidelines. The effort revealed a discrepancy between national, departmental, and international standards, dose tiers, and units of measurement. In some professions, such as piloting and spaceflight, occupational exposure to ionizing radiation exceeds the natural terrestrial background level by tens or even hundreds of times. The radiation-therapy doses specified in the Russian Ministry of Health’s clinical recommendations differ by as much as tenfold across anatomical sites. There is a shortage of educational software designed to teach radiation therapy treatment planning. The authors translated three textbooks published by the IAEA and WHO into Russian and made these freely available. The following measures were identified as feasible and advisable: organizing interdepartmental cooperation on the development and approval of new RSS, taking into account current Russian and international practices; verifying radiotherapy dose recommendations in clinical guidelines; aligning dose categories for specific professions and harmonizing methods for assessing occupational radiation risks; and supplementing university curricula with radiotherapy-planning software, as well as WHO and IAEA textbooks and guidelines.