The article presents the authors' opinion on ways to optimize the nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation. It shows that the dietary patterns currently common in the country are still far from optimal, as they underdeliver on vegetables, fruits, and dairy products, and provide excessive amounts of sugar, salt, foods rich in animal fat, and trans fats. Inadequate dietary patterns compromise health and nutritional status, leading to an increase in diet-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, gout, and osteoporosis, which are major contributors to mortality in economically developed countries, including Russia. According to the authors, there are several aspects that are crucial in the matter of overall health improvement and extension of active longevity: optimization of the dietary patterns in Russia, popularization of the principles of rational nutrition and healthy lifestyle; introduction of measures to decrease the incidence of socially significant non-communicable diseases (atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nutritional obesity, and others); acceleration of adoption of innovative health protection technologies in healthcare, including early diagnosis of non-communicable diseases of an alimentary nature, their targeted prevention and treatment.