Current approach to sanitary and hygienic measures in various parts of the national health care system should create new challenges aimed at practical prevention in the context of the safety of people from the environmental carcinogenic factors. The effective Russian SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 regulates hygienic requirements for the safety of environmental factors for humans; inter alia, the documents lists biological carcinogens and carcinogenic lifestyle factors. The efforts of sanitary specialists in general and employees of Rospotrebnadzor in particular aimed at prevention of harmful impact of the existing carcinogenic factors shall be more effective if the available information on the potentially dangerous biological agents of carcinogenesis is more complete. This paper reviews the modern sanitary and hygienic aspects of carcinogenic factors of biological nature, and describes the causes of oncological diseases caused by them as well as the respective prognosis. Viruses, bacteria and trematodes, whose participation in the occurrence and development of a specific cancer is an established fact, are posed as etiological agents of the carcinogenic hazard biological factors present for a human being.