Overweight and obesity are some of the global problems faced by the civilization characterized by the growing prevalence and the development of concomitant diseases. This study aimed to assess the mid- and long-term incidence and dynamics of these disorders in various age groups of the population of Voronezh Oblast, including the mentioned concomitant chronic diseases, and to compare the learned data to the mean figures registered in the Central Federal District (CFD) of the Russian Federation and the country in general. From 2016 to 2020, in Voronezh Oblast, the values of the indicators reflecting the prevalence of overweight were profoundly influenced by the regional specifics; in all the age groups, these values were significantly higher than the mean figures recorded in the Central Federal District and Russia on the whole (p < 0.05). As for the concomitant diseases, the incidence of the disorders of endocrine system, mental and behavioral disorders, urolithiasis was high, showing an upward trend, whereas in the country in general and CFD in particular, the respective indicators tend to decrease. The results of this study indicate the need for further exploration of this subject, including investigation of the potential risk factors defining the specifics of the prevalence in the region in question, some of which are the features of the nutritional patterns, the content of vitamins and minerals in the general diet in particular, and factors not connected to nutrition, such as chemical composition of water and features of the soil.