Building on the global medical historiography, this review attempts to demonstrate the continued interest and involvement of doctors in investigation of the influence of environmental factors, their epidemiological and pathological aspects, on life expectancy and health of human beings, as well as to cover the most significant domestically developed prevention measures applicable in everyday life, during epidemics and against occupational hazards. We have also attempted to outline the history of interinfluence of the two medical specializations, including the new round of their transformation as they merge into the digital reality of today. The review shows that when medicine, as science and trade, in Russia was going through its establishing phases in Russia, the prominent Russian experts underscored the need for integrated application of therapeutic and hygienic approaches, development of the most effective combination thereof with the aim of qualitative improvement of public health care. The article considers the historical prerequisites for development of the system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures, which are the key safeguards against diseases, and development of the hygiene, including occupational hygiene, from the moment of inception to the age of digital medicine we live in currently.