Morbidity among adolescents is a significant component of the overall morbidity in Russia, since this part of the population forms the potential of the country. Unfortunately, lately, the efforts to popularize healthy lifestyle and preventive measures, both of which entail decrease of the incidence of diseases in general, were insufficient. This study aimed to analyze the 10-year morbidity patterns among adolescents in Voronezh Oblast, rank pathologies, and compare the findings to the specifics of morbidity in Russia overall. We used statistical data describing diseases (types, incidence) affecting adolescents aged 15–17 in Voronezh Oblast and in Russia; the study covered the period from 2013 through 2022. The analysis of data for Voronezh Oblast revealed a number of classes of illnesses that exhibit significant growth and thus require special attention in the context of development of preventive measures and their implementation in educational establishments. We have also pinpointed the regions of the Central Federal District where, in the recent years, the incidence has been growing more rapidly than in others. The most significant rise of morbidity was registered in Voronezh Oblast. The region- and class-specific differences in the incidence of diseases should be factored in when implementing prevention campaigns and designing more detailed medical examination routines for the adolescents. Individual approach to each case plays an important part in slowing down the rate of morbidity, and it is crucial for the full realization of the potential of the respective efforts.